Understanding Herniated Discs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options

What is a Herniated Disc?

Your spine is made up of 33 vertebrae, separated by soft, rubbery discs that act as cushions. Each disc has a tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus) and a soft, gel-like center (nucleus pulposus). A herniated disc occurs when the outer layer tears, allowing the inner gel to leak out and potentially press on nearby nerves.

Common Causes

• Age-related degeneration – Discs lose water content and become less flexible over time
• Repetitive strain – Repeated motions that stress the spine
• Improper lifting – Using your back instead of your legs to lift heavy objects
• Trauma – Car accidents, falls, or sports injuries
• Obesity – Excess weight puts additional stress on spinal discs
• Sedentary lifestyle – Weak core muscles provide less support for the spine

Symptoms of a Herniated Disc

Not all herniated discs cause symptoms. When they do, common signs include:

• Arm or leg pain (often worse when coughing or sneezing)
• Numbness or tingling in the affected limb
• Muscle weakness
• Pain that radiates down the arms or legs
• Local neck or back pain

Treatment Options: Surgery Isn't Always Necessary

Most herniated discs respond well to conservative treatments:

• Chiropractic care – Spinal adjustments to improve alignment and reduce nerve pressure
• Spinal decompression – Gentle traction to retract the herniated material
• Physical therapy – Specific exercises to strengthen supporting muscles
• Pain management – Anti-inflammatory medications or injections
• Lifestyle modifications – Ergonomic changes and activity modifications

Surgery is typically only recommended when conservative treatments fail after 6-12 weeks, or if the patient experiences progressive neurological deficits.